As I write novels set in the days of colonial rule, I obviously had a lot of interest in reading Paxman's book on the British Empire. But, oh dear, what a disappointment it was!
Although it
masquerades as history, the book is really an exercise in rhetoric. Paxman's
trademark sneer translates well to the page. Already, in the preface he
alliteratively attacks Britain's "dilapidated democracy". Our
democracy may well be dilapidated, but it is completely irrelevant to the point
he is making at the time and, more importantly, he produces no evidence
whatsoever to support the argument. It's simply a way to put the lesser mortals
that he lives amongst in their place. It is ironic that much of the book
derides, at length, the elitist pretensions of the English, using a style and
tone that immediately marks Paxman as the Oxbridge graduate that he is.
For somebody
who repeatedly criticises the British for their Anglo centric view of the
world, Paxman's own vision seems peculiarly distorted by the country he is
writing in. For him, the British Empire is different from all other empires,
apparently unique in its arrogance and exploitation. It is almost as if other
empires did not exist. So he writes that the Treaty of Paris in 1763 made it
"undeniable that Britain was the pre-eminent world power". The treaty
did, indeed, mark the end of a war in which Britain had been victorious over
France and Spain, but it returned many of the territories that Britain had
captured from the Spanish and left Spain in control of the Americas from
Louisiana and California down to Chile. Meanwhile Britain's American colonies
were restricted to those parts of Canada that had been settled and the original
thirteen American colonies together with the areas opened to the west as far as
the Mississippi. Most of these territories, of course, were to be lost with
American independence. Britain had significant possessions in India, but
Clive's victory at Plassey had taken place only six years earlier and nobody in
1763 could have foreseen the growth of British power in India. Otherwise,
British colonisation was limited to a few specks on the map in West Africa, the
West Indies and, nearer home, Gibraltar and Minorca. Paxman's confident
assertion that British pre-eminence was "undeniable" is unlikely to
be echoed by a Spaniard.
Paxman's
approach does mean that his book is not bogged down in the kind of tedious
detail that I have just gone into in trying to define the size of the Empire in
1763. Such a definition is quite difficult. Do we include uninhabited and
unexplored regions of the world as part of the Empire simply because they were
painted red on the map? What of those distant shores where a visiting British
captain had once planted a Union flag and then moved on? That's the problem
with history: it's messy and complicated. Paxman's book gets rid of the mess
and complications but, unfortunately, this means that he gets rid of much of
the history as well. The absence of any solid foundation to this edifice is
partially disguised by the use of lots of quotations with footnoted references.
In many cases, though, the references are to secondary sources. That is, if you
check the reference, it will turn out to be a recent publication by another
author with no indication of where the original quote came from. This is
particularly annoying if you are trying to check any chronological details as
this approach means that the date of the original quote is not given anywhere
in Paxman's book. He also has an annoying habit of referring to "colonial
historians", which most readers, I think, would take to mean historians
from Britain's colonial period, whereas Paxman uses the term to disguise the
fact that he is citing a modern historian who writes about colonial history.
It's possible that his use of this terminology is just sloppy and lazy, but I
think it is difficult to see it as anything other than deliberately misleading.
Generally,
the book left me with a the feeling that some of the detail in it might be
plain wrong, but as I'm not a professional historian this remained, for a
while, just a niggling doubt. That changed when the book moved onto the Indian Mutiny
and, in particular, the siege of Cawnpore. If you're reading this blog, you presumably know that my own book, Cawnpore is set during
the siege. I enjoyed researching it. There was an enormous amount written about it at the time and some good modern summaries. (The best is probably Ward's Our
Bones are Scattered.) Despite this, Paxman makes several errors. He says that the rebel
leader, Nana Sahib, was "a victim of the Company's new Doctrine of Lapse
which decreed that only natural born sons could succeed to the father's
lands". Nana Sahib did, indeed, suffer under the Doctrine of Lapse, as the
British refused to recognise his title. He did not, however, have any lands to
lose. His adoptive father had already forfeited these as the result of a failed
rebellion many years earlier. Nana Sahib did lose his father's pension, but
this was not because of the Doctrine of Lapse. Paxman claims that the shooting of prisoners
was "too inefficient to act as a final solution" where most accounts
agree that the rebel soldiers deliberately fired wide – an act for which they
surely deserve some credit, even after 150 years. Most astonishing of all,
Paxman claims that the women and children murdered in what is generally became
known as the massacre of the bibighar, had not been included in the promise of
safe passage given by the Nana Sahib. This is quite astounding, as even the
most cursory reading of any of the literature about Cawnpore shows it to be
simply untrue. The point, though not significant in the context of Paxman's
arguments, is not a trivial one. The cold-blooded massacre of women and
children who had surrendered under promise of safe conduct was a significant
factor in the horrific level of reprisals conducted by British forces. Whilst
it does not excuse British conduct (which did lead to expressions of concern
even at the time) simply rewriting history in this way is quite extraordinary.
Perhaps we
should not blame Paxman for all of these errors. His acknowledgements start
with a credit to Jillian Taylor, who seems to have done much of the work.
Paxman refers to himself as the writer. And here is the nub of the problem.
Historians research their subject areas and, from the mass of information which
they gather, they try to tease out some proper understanding of the subject.
Paxman clearly started with his own prejudices (he read English at Cambridge
and has no background in history) and then sent Ms Taylor off to gather up
whatever factoids she could dredge up to support his position. In fairness,
many of the factoids are fascinating. We learn, for example, that Lord Crewe,
the Colonial Secretary, was so dull that it is alleged that a woman lost her
mind listening to one of his speeches. We don't know who the woman was and no
authority for the story is given, suggesting it is apocryphal, but it's amusing
nonetheless. It isn't exactly history, but then neither is the extended summary
of the plot of Rider Haggard's She
with which he opens a chapter on the role of women in the Empire. Unattributed
quote, after-dinner tales and outright fiction – it's all grist to Paxman's
mill.
It would be
easier to forgive the way in which Paxman has subjugated historical fact to the
presentation of his rhetoric if all of this was done to illustrate some
worthwhile argument. But, though the whole idea of Empire is clearly anathema
to Paxman's 21st-century liberalism, it's not at all clear where he is going
with this. He argues that modern Britain is itself a product of Empire, an
argument that would surely be better supported by an analysis of modern Britain
than by a trip through 300 years of colonial adventurism. He claims that the
Empire was always about making money, but later discusses at length the good
that was done by many young men who served abroad, dedicating themselves to the
welfare of people that Britain had taken responsibility for and from whom it
could never sensibly expect to make a profit. He details the brutality of some
British military ventures but, finally, concedes that other nations have often
behaved even worse and that, given the geo-political realities, many countries
were better off under the protection of Britain than had they been left to
other occupiers.
Perhaps, in
the end, Paxman has accidentally stumbled on the truth of the British Empire.
It was, indeed, in many ways a very bad thing, but sometimes it achieved things
that changed the world for the better. (Paxman singles out the abolition of
slavery as one of Britain's greatest achievements.) It was run by some wise men
and a great number of fools. Many were in it just for what they could get out
of it, while many a young man died far from home convinced that the good that
he could achieve more than made up for his meagre salary. The British Empire
was vast, inchoate and very, very complicated. The unthinking condemnation of
Empire by modern liberals is as prejudiced and ignorant as the unthinking
jingoism of an earlier generation. If other readers take this lesson from this
extraordinarily poorly constructed book, then, perhaps, there is some tiny
glimmer of worth hidden amongst all the dross.
